Download Book Smoke And Critical Velocity In Tunnels : One Day Seminar, 2 April 1996, London, UK By John F L Lowndes; Independent Technical Conferences Ltd (Kempston) In AZW3, TXT, MOBI
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Incluye glosario e índice Introduction xxvi Getting Started 3 Part I: LAN Switching 9 Chapter 1 Spanning Tree Protocol Concepts 10 Foundation Topics 11 LAN Switching Review 11 LAN Switch Forwarding Logic 11 Switch Verification 12 Viewing the MAC Address Table 12 Determining the VLAN of a Frame 13 Verifying Trunks 15 Spanning Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.. 1w) 31 Review Activities 32 Chapter 2 Spanning Tree Protocol Implementation 36 Foundation Topics 37 STP Configuration and Verification 37 Setting the STP Mode 37 Connecting STP Concepts to STP Configuration Options 38 Per-VLAN Configuration Settings 38 The Bridge ID and System ID Extension 39 Per-VLAN Port Costs 40 STP Configuration Option Summary 40 Verifying STP Operation 40 Configuring STP Port Costs 43 Configuring Priority to Influence the Root Election 45 Configuring PortFast and BPDU Guard 46 Configuring EtherChannel 47 Configuring a Manual EtherChannel 48 Configuring Dynamic EtherChannels 50 STP Troubleshooting 50 Determining the Root Switch 51 Determining the Root Port on Nonroot Switches 52 STP Tiebreakers When Choosing the Root Port 53 Suggestions for Attacking Root Port Problems on the Exam 54 Determining the Designated Port on Each LAN Segment 54 Suggestions for Attacking Designated Port Problems on the Exam 55 STP Convergence 56 Troubleshooting EtherChannel 56 Incorrect Options on the channel-group Command 57 Configuration Checks Before Adding Interfaces to EtherChannels 58 Review Activities 60 Chapter 3 Troubleshooting LAN Switching 64 Foundation Topics 65 Generalized Troubleshooting Methodologies 65 Analyzing and Predicting Normal Network Operation 65 Data Plane Analysis 66 Control Plane Analysis 67 Predicting Normal Operations: Summary of the Process 68 Problem Isolation 68 Root Cause Analysis 69 Real World Versus the Exams 70 Troubleshooting the LAN Switching Data Plane 70 An Overview of the Normal LAN Switch Forwarding Process 71 Step 1: Confirm the Network Diagrams Using CDP 72 Step 2: Isolate Interface Problems 73 Interface Status Codes and Reasons for Nonworking States 74 The notconnect State and Cabling Pinouts 75 Determining Switch Interface Speed and Duplex 76 Issues Related to Speed and Duplex 77 Step 3: Isolate Filtering and Port Security Problems 79 Step 4: Isolate VLAN and Trunking Problems 82 Ensuring That the Right Access Interfaces Are in the Right VLANs 83 Access VLANs Not Being Defined or Not Being Active 83 Identify Trunks and VLANs Forwarded on Those Trunks 84 Troubleshooting Examples and Exercises 86 Troubleshooting Example 1: Find Existing LAN Data Plane Problems 86 Step 1: Verify the Accuracy of the Diagram Using CDP 87 Step 2: Check for Interface Problems 88 Step 3: Check for Port Security Problems 90 Step 4: Check for VLAN and VLAN Trunk Problems 91 Troubleshooting Example 2: Predicting LAN Data Plane Behavior 94 PC1 ARP Request (Broadcast) 95 R1 ARP Reply (Unicast) 98 Review Activities 102 Part I Review 104 Part II: IP Version 4 Routing 109 Chapter 4 Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing Part I 110 Foundation Topics 111 Predicting Normal IPv4 Routing Behavior 111 Host IPv4 Routing Logic 111 Routing Logic Used by IPv4 Routers 112 IP Routing Logic on a Single Router 112 IP Routing from Host to Host 113 Building New Data Link Headers Using ARP Information 114 Problem Isolation Using the ping Command 115 Ping Command Basics 115 Strategies and Results When Testing with the ping Command 116 Testing Longer Routes from Near the Source of the Problem 117 Using Extended Ping to Test the Reverse Route 119 Testing LAN Neighbors with Standard Ping 121 Testing LAN Neighbors with Extended Ping 122 Testing WAN Neighbors with Standard Ping 122 Using Ping with Names and with IP Addresses 123 Problem Isolation Using the traceroute Command 124 traceroute Basics 124 How the traceroute Command Works 125 Standard and Extended traceroute 126 Using traceroute to Isolate the Problem to Two Routers 127 Review Activities 130 Chapter 5 Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing Part II 132 Foundation Topics 133 Problems Between the Host and the Default Router 133 Root Causes Based on a Host's IPv4 Settings 133 Ensure IPv4 Settings Correctly Match 133 Mismatched Masks Impact Route to Reach Subnet 134 Typical Root Causes of DNS Problems 136 Wrong Default Router IP Address Setting 137 Root Causes Based on the Default Router's Configuration 137 Mismatched VLAN Trunking Configuration with Router on a Stick 138 DHCP Relay Issues 140 Router LAN Interface and LAN Issues 141 Problems with Routing Packets Between Routers 143 IP Forwarding by Matching the Most Specific Route 143 Using show ip route and Subnet Math to Find the Best Route 144 Using show ip route address to Find the Best Route 145 show ip route Reference 145 Routing Problems Caused by Incorrect Addressing Plans 146 Recognizing When VLSM Is Used or Not 147 Overlaps When Not Using VLSM 147 Overlaps When Using VLSM 148 Configuring Overlapping VLSM Subnets 149 Router WAN Interface Status 150 Filtering Packets with Access Lists 151 Review Activities 153 Chapter 6 Creating Redundant First-Hop Routers 156 Foundation Topics 157 FHRP Concepts 157 The Need for Redundancy in Networks 157 The Need for a First Hop Redundancy Protocol 159 The Three Solutions for First-Hop Redundancy 160 HSRP Concepts 160 HSRP Failover 161 HSRP Load Balancing 162 GLBP Concepts 163 FHRP Configuration and Verification 164 Configuring and Verifying HSRP 164 Configuring and Verifying GLBP 167 Review Activities 170 Chapter 7 Virtual Private Networks 176 Foundation Topics 177 VPN Fundamentals 177 IPsec VPNs 179 SSL VPNs 181 GRE Tunnels 181 GRE Tunnel Concepts 182 Routing over GRE Tunnels 182 GRE Tunnels over the Unsecured Network 183 Configuring GRE Tunnels 185 Verifying a GRE Tunnel 187 Review Activities 190 Part II Review 194 Part III: IP Version 4 Routing Protocols 199 Chapter 8 Implementing OSPF for IPv4 200 Foundation Topics 201 OSPF Protocols and Operation 201 OSPF Overview 201 Becoming Neighbors and Exchanging the LSDB 202 Agreeing to Become Neighbors 202 Fully Exchanging LSAs with Neighbors 203 Maintaining Neighbors and the LSDB 204 Using Designated Routers on Ethernet Links 205 Scaling OSPF Using Areas 206 OSPF Areas 207 How Areas Reduce SPF Calculation Time 208 OSPF Area Design Advantages 209 Link-State Advertisements 209 Router LSAs Build Most of the Intra-Area Topology 210 Network LSAs Complete the Intra-Area Topology 211 LSAs in a Multi-Area Design 212 Calculating the Best Routes with SPF 214 Administrative Distance 215 OSPF Configuration and Verification 216 OSPFv2 Configuration Overview 216 Multi-Area OSPFv2 Configuration Example 217 Single-Area Configurations 218 Multi-Area Configuration 219 Verifying the Multi-Area Configuration 220 Verifying the Correct Areas on Each Interface on an ABR 221 Verifying Which Router Is DR and BDR 221 Verifying the Number and Type of LSAs 222 Verifying OSPF Routes 223 OSPF Metrics (Cost) 223 Setting the Cost Based on Interface Bandwidth 224 The Need for a Higher Reference Bandwidth 225 OSPF Load Balancing 225 Review Activities 226 Chapter 9 Understanding EIGRP Concepts 230 Foundation Topics 231 EIGRP and Distance Vector Routing Protocols 231 Introduction to EIGRP 231 Basic Distance Vector Routing Protocol Features 233 The Concept of a Distance and a Vector 233 Full Update Messages and Split Horizon 234 Route Poisoning 236 EIGRP as an Advanced DV Protocol 237 EIGRP Sends Partial Update Messages, As Needed 237 EIGRP Maintains Neighbor Status Using Hello 237 Summary of Interior Routing Protocol Features 238 EIGRP Concepts and Operation 239 EIGRP Neighbors 239 Exchanging EIGRP Topology Information 240 Calculating the Best Routes for the Routing Table 241 The EIGRP Metric Calculation 241 An Example of Calculated EIGRP Metrics 242 Caveats with Bandwidth on Serial Links 243 EIGRP Convergence 244 Feasible Distance and Reported Distance 244 EIGRP Successors and Feasible Successors 245 The Query and Reply Process 246 Review Activities 248 Chapter 10 Implementing EIGRP for IPv4 252 Foundation Topics 253 Core EIGRP Configuration and Verification 253 EIGRP Configuration 253 Configuring EIGRP Using a Wildcard Mask 255 Verifying EIGRP Core Features 255 Finding the Interfaces on Which EIGRP Is Enabled 256 Displaying EIGRP Neighbor Status 258 Displaying the IPv4 Routing Table 259 EIGRP Metrics, Successors, and Feasible Successors 260 Viewing the EIGRP Topology Table 261 Finding Successor Routes 262 Finding Feasible Successor Routes 263 Convergence Using the Feasible Successor Route 265 Examining the Metric Components 266 Other EIGRP Configuration Settings 267 Load Balancing Across Multiple EIGRP Routes 267 Tuning the EIGRP Metric Calculation 269 Autosummarization and Discontiguous Classful Networks 270 Automatic Summarization at the Boundary of a Classful Network 270 Discontiguous Classful Networks 271 Review Activities 273 Chapter 11 Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing Protocols 278 Foundation Topics 279 Perspectives on Troubleshooting Routing Protocol Problems 279 Interfaces Enabled with a Routing Protocol 280 EIGRP Interface Troubleshooting 281 Examining Working EIGRP Interfaces 282 Examining the Problems with EIGRP Interfaces 284 OSPF Interface Troubleshooting 286 Neighbor Relationships 289 EIGRP Neighbor Verification Checks 290 EIGRP Neighbor Troubleshooting Example 291 OSPF Neighbor Troubleshooting 293 Finding Area Mismatches 294 Finding Duplicate OSPF Router IDs 295 Finding OSPF Hello and Dead Timer Mismatches 296 Other OSPF Issues 297 Mismatched OSPF Network Types 297 Mismatched MTU Settings 299 Review Activities 300 Part III Review 304 Part IV: Wide-Area Networks 309 Chapter 12 Implementing Point-to-Point WANs 310 Foundation Topics 311 Leased Line WANs with HDLC 311 Layer 1 Leased Lines 311 The Physical Components of a Leased Line 312 Leased Lines and the T-Carrier System 314 The Role of the CSU/DSU 315 Building a WAN Link in a Lab 315 Layer 2 Leased Lines with HDLC 316 Configuring HDLC 317 Leased-Line WANs with PPP 320 PPP Concepts 320 PPP Framing 321 PPP Control Protocols 321 PPP Authentication 322 Configuring PPP 323 CHAP Configuration and Verification 324 Troubleshooting Serial Links 325 Troubleshooting Layer 1 Problems 325 Troubleshooting Layer 2 Problems 326 Keepalive Failure 327 PAP and CHAP Authentication Failure 328 Troubleshooting Layer 3 Problems 329 Review Act Pop Up For Tech Supoort For Mac